Biological control or management of phytonemetodes

Biological control or management of phytonemetodes:-

• The management of phytonematodes by the application of living beings.
• It includes microbiota as protozoa, bacteria, fungi, some arthropodes as parasites or pathogens, to regulate nemic population.
• The macrobiota i.e, predatory plants and animals (Amphibians, reptiles, and birds) are also used the phytonematode (harmful)
• These parasitic and pathogenic may harm directly or indirectly by the secretion of metabolites act as an antigen.
• Usually these antigens are systemic, hence act in an association of native enzyme.
• By the utilization of these techniques used by the wild varieties for nematode regulation, Bioformulation can be taken into consideration. But it is a challenging issue to identify those components or ameidments.
• The success achieved in biocontrol by the bioformulation after the discovery of fungi like Paecilogmyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia
• After the discovery of PGPR(plant growth promoting (rhizobacteria) the regulation of nemic population became quite easier.
• Endophytic mychorhzas in rhizoshphere.
• A foresaid fauna competes with nematodes for microhabitat and niche. This competition may not allow the proper growth of PPNS.
• Besides niche competition, these rhizobacteria and fungi may also responsible for the development of resistance against PPNS.
• Some successful PGPR strains are:- Pseudomonas fluorescence, Pseudomonas putida, Azotobacter chrochoccum
• Arbascular mychorhizal fungi, especially Glomus mossae
• Glomus fasciculatum have shown promising impact on control of root knot or cyst nematodes.
• These fungi regulates PPNs by following ways:-

• Niche competition, Acts as root modifiers
• Directly damage cyst of female.
• There is also a group of arthropoda i.e Thysanura and Thysanoptera, collembolas are also acts as predation for nematodes.
• Mites may also invade the body of nematodes, usually through natural openiging cause behavioral damage through, irritation, itching, and inflammation.
• There are some crustaceans like brachypods and tachigrades that may also responsible for the nematode.
• Read Also:- Pratylenchus penetrans (lesion Nematode)

Regulatory Method for PPNS Management:-

• The phyto-parasitic nematodes are expanding globally due to anthropogenic activities. Therefore, directly or indirectly human activities are responsible for the worldwide dispersal of the PPNs.
• Thus time has come now, to regulate the nematode population by the amendment of certain legislation
• Such type legislations are usually known as quarantine acts.
• The objectives of these acts are to limit the dispersal and invasion of exotic PPNs.
• If already introduced the eradicate them form environment

For example:- Radopholus was first into kerala in nilgin reigon through banana rhizome.

Also Read:- Radopholus similis (Burrowing nematode)

Pest Risk Analysis (PRA):-

In the scientific or numerical calculation to know the extent of damage caused by pests.

Ankush Sharma